Does Farxiga Lower Blood Pressure?

Key Takeaways

• Farxiga can lower blood pressure, but the average reduction is usually modest and varies from person to person.
• Farxiga’s blood-pressure effect is secondary to its approved roles in type 2 diabetes, heart failure and chronic kidney disease.
• Do not change your dose or stop Farxiga based on one reading.
• Contact your healthcare provider if you repeatedly experience low readings, dizziness, weakness, or fainting, and seek immediate care for symptoms of ketoacidosis or another serious reaction.

If you’re taking Farxiga (dapagliflozin), you may have heard that it can lower blood pressure. Maybe you’re already checking your readings at home, or perhaps you’re simply wondering what that could mean for you. The short answer is yes, Farxiga can lower blood pressure, but usually by a modest amount. It is not primarily a blood pressure medicine, so it should not be viewed as a replacement for a treatment prescribed specifically for hypertension. So, what causes the change? How much could your numbers move? Does everyone respond the same way? And what should you do if you feel dizzy or dehydrated?

This guide will walk you through those questions, and you’ll learn how Farxiga affects your kidneys, what clinical studies have found in people with type 2 diabetes, heart failure, and chronic kidney disease, what you might realistically see on your home blood pressure monitor, and how to use the medicine safely.

What Is Farxiga (Dapagliflozin)?

Farxiga (dapagliflozin) is a medicine used to treat type 2 diabetes, heart failure, and chronic kidney disease in appropriate patients. Its active ingredient, dapagliflozin, belongs to a group of medicines called SGLT2 inhibitors.

You can buy Farxiga from a Canadian online pharmacy through Doctorsolve.com

How Farxiga Can Affect Your Blood Pressure

Farxiga’s blood-pressure effect begins with how it changes the way your kidneys handle glucose, sodium, and water.

It starts with the way your kidneys handle glucose. Your kidneys filter your blood and normally return much of the filtered glucose to your bloodstream. Dapagliflozin blocks a protein called sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2). As a result, more glucose passes out of your body in your urine.

For people with type 2 diabetes, this helps lower blood glucose and A1C (hemoglobin A1C). But if you’re taking Farxiga for another reason, blood sugar may not be the main goal. In appropriate patients, dapagliflozin can also reduce certain heart-failure risks and help slow the progression of chronic kidney disease, including in some people who do not have diabetes.

That broader role may explain why your doctor prescribed Farxiga even if controlling blood sugar isn’t your only concern.

There’s also a connection to your blood pressure. Because Farxiga changes how your kidneys handle glucose, sodium, and water, it can cause a modest reduction in blood pressure as a secondary effect.

Why Farxiga May Lower Your Blood Pressure

If you’re wondering why a medicine used for diabetes, heart failure, and kidney disease can also affect your blood pressure, the answer starts with your kidneys. Farxiga does not lower blood pressure by directly relaxing your blood vessels. Instead, it changes how your kidneys handle glucose, sodium, and water. Those changes can reduce the amount of fluid in your circulation and may bring your blood pressure down modestly.

Here’s what happens.

Why Farxiga Can Make You Urinate More

Farxiga helps your kidneys remove more glucose through your urine. Glucose pulls water along with it, so you also lose more fluid when you urinate. This process is called osmotic diuresis.

In everyday terms, your body is getting rid of extra sugar and some of the water that follows it. That can reduce the amount of fluid moving through your bloodstream, which may contribute to lower blood pressure.

You may notice more frequent urination, particularly when you first start taking Farxiga.

How Sodium Loss May Lower Your Blood Pressure

Farxiga can also cause your kidneys to remove more sodium in your urine. This process is called natriuresis.

Sodium and water work closely together in your body. When you retain more sodium, you generally retain more water as well. When your kidneys excrete additional sodium, that can change your fluid balance and contribute to lower blood pressure.

These changes can reduce fluid volume in the body, which may contribute to a modest reduction in blood pressure.

How Weight Changes May Affect Blood Pressure

You may also lose some weight while taking Farxiga. Weight loss with Farxiga is generally modest, but changes in body weight can also influence blood pressure. Still, weight loss is not the main explanation for Farxiga’s blood pressure effect. The changes in fluid and sodium handling are more directly related to what the medicine does in your kidneys.

Together, these effects help explain why your blood pressure may decrease while taking Farxiga.

Related post – Which is Better Farxiga vs Jardiance?

What Studies Show About Farxiga and Blood Pressure

If you are checking your blood pressure at home, you may be wondering how much your numbers could change while taking Farxiga.

Clinical studies suggest that dapagliflozin can lower blood pressure modestly. Looking at studies in people taking Farxiga for type 2 diabetes, heart failure, and chronic kidney disease can give you a better idea of what these changes may look like.

What Blood Pressure Changes Were Seen in Type 2 Diabetes?

If you take Farxiga for type 2 diabetes, studies have found a modest reduction in blood pressure.

In pooled placebo-controlled studies of people with type 2 diabetes and hypertension, dapagliflozin was associated with a placebo-corrected reduction in systolic blood pressure of about 3.6 mmHg at 24 weeks. The corresponding reduction in diastolic blood pressure was about 1.2 mmHg.

Another prespecified analysis of 13 placebo-controlled studies found that people taking dapagliflozin 10 mg had an average systolic blood pressure change of about −3.7 mmHg and a diastolic change of about −1.8 mmHg at week 24 compared with placebo.

These are average changes, so they cannot predict exactly how your blood pressure will respond.

In clinical research, people who began treatment with higher blood pressure generally experienced greater reductions than those who started with lower readings.

That difference becomes especially relevant if you take Farxiga for heart failure, where the average blood pressure effect may be smaller.

What Blood Pressure Changes Were Seen in Heart Failure?

If you take Farxiga for heart failure with reduced ejection fraction, studies suggest that the blood pressure reduction is generally modest.

In the DAPA-HF trial, the placebo-corrected reduction in systolic blood pressure was about 2.5 mmHg after two weeks. The effect varied according to starting blood pressure, with a smaller treatment difference among people who began with lower readings.

This is a useful context if you are watching your numbers closely. More importantly, Farxiga was studied in heart failure because of its effects on heart-failure outcomes, not simply as a blood pressure treatment.

What Blood Pressure Changes Were Seen in Chronic Kidney Disease?

If you take Farxiga for chronic kidney disease, the DAPA-CKD trial provides another useful example.

A prespecified analysis found that dapagliflozin reduced systolic blood pressure by about 3.6 mmHg compared with placebo by week 2. The difference remained about 2.9 mmHg over the course of the trial. The time-averaged reduction in diastolic blood pressure was about 1.0 mmHg.

The study included people with chronic kidney disease with and without type 2 diabetes. The blood pressure effect was modest in both groups.

So, if you are taking Farxiga for kidney disease, your blood pressure may decrease as part of the medicine’s overall effects. However, the blood pressure reduction should not be confused with its primary treatment goals in chronic kidney disease.

How Much Could Your Blood Pressure Change?

If you are checking your blood pressure at home, you may notice a small improvement while taking Farxiga. However, you should not expect it to lower significantly high blood pressure on its own.

For example, if your systolic blood pressure is consistently 160 mmHg, a reduction of 2 to 4 mmHg would bring it to about 156 to 158 mmHg. That is a measurable change, but your blood pressure would still be high.

This is why the blood pressure effect should be considered in the context of why you are taking Farxiga rather than as its main purpose. A modest change in your blood pressure reading does not by itself show whether Farxiga is working for your diabetes, heart failure, or chronic kidney disease.

Why Your Response May Be Different

Not everyone experiences the same change in blood pressure while taking Farxiga. Your starting blood pressure, kidney function, other medicines, and overall health can all affect your readings.

Clinical analyses have found that people with higher systolic blood pressure at the beginning of treatment may experience a greater reduction than those who start with lower readings. However, your starting number cannot predict exactly how your blood pressure will respond because these findings describe average changes across groups.

Your kidney function is also relevant when you take Farxiga. Your healthcare provider may check your estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and other laboratory results to help monitor your treatment.

Other medicines can affect your blood pressure and fluid balance, too. For example, medicines that lower blood pressure or increase urination, such as diuretics, can influence your readings.

If your readings change only slightly or do not change noticeably, do not judge Farxiga’s overall effectiveness by blood pressure alone.

When a Drop in Blood Pressure or Fluid Loss May Be a Concern

A lower blood pressure reading is not always better. If Farxiga causes you to lose more fluid than you replace, your blood pressure may drop too low. This is called volume depletion and may cause dizziness, weakness, or low blood pressure.

This can be more concerning if you take other medicines that increase fluid loss or if you are already losing fluids from vomiting, diarrhea, heavy sweating, or not drinking enough.

What to Do If Farxiga Makes You Dizzy

Hypotension means blood pressure that is low enough to cause symptoms. You may notice lightheadedness when standing, unusual weakness, blurred or dimmed vision, or a feeling that you might faint.

Older adults and people taking diuretics may be more likely to experience problems related to fluid loss. In DAPA-HF, blood pressure reductions were generally small, and the proportion of participants whose systolic blood pressure fell below 90 mmHg was similar between the dapagliflozin and placebo groups during the first eight months.

Still, your experience may differ from the study results. If you repeatedly feel dizzy, lightheaded, or faint, do not stop Farxiga or change another prescription on your own. Contact your healthcare provider so they can review your blood pressure, other medicines, kidney function, and fluid status.

When Fluid Loss Needs More Attention

Farxiga increases the amount of glucose passed into your urine and can also increase fluid loss. This matters more when you are sick, sweating heavily, or losing fluids through vomiting or diarrhea.

You do not need to force yourself to drink excessive amounts of water. Instead, follow the fluid guidance that is appropriate for your care and watch for changes such as unusual thirst, dizziness, weakness, or reduced urination.

If you develop significant vomiting or diarrhea, contact your healthcare provider for guidance about your Farxiga treatment. Illness can affect your fluid balance, blood pressure, and kidney function, and your medication plan may need to be reviewed.

Knowing these warning signs can help you put changes in your blood pressure readings into context.

How to Manage Farxiga Safely Day to Day

Now that you know which blood pressure and fluid changes to watch for, a few simple habits can make Farxiga easier to manage day to day.

Take Farxiga exactly as prescribed

Do not change your dose based on a blood pressure reading. If your readings change, talk to your healthcare provider before making changes to your treatment.

Take it at a consistent time

Farxiga is taken once daily and can be taken with or without food. Taking Farxiga earlier in the day may help limit nighttime bathroom trips for some people, but the most important thing is to take it as prescribed.

Follow your usual fluid guidance

Drink fluids according to the guidance provided for your care, especially during hot weather, heavy sweating, or illness. Do not try to compensate for fluid loss by drinking excessive amounts of water.

Track your blood pressure when appropriate

If your healthcare provider has advised you to monitor your blood pressure at home, take readings at similar times and keep a record. This can help your healthcare team see whether your readings are changing over time.

Pay attention to dizziness or unusually low readings

One unusual reading does not necessarily indicate a problem. Repeatedly low readings or symptoms such as dizziness, lightheadedness, or weakness are more important to notice and report to your healthcare provider.

Be careful with major diet changes

A ketogenic or very-low-carbohydrate diet can increase the risk of ketoacidosis while taking Farxiga, even when your blood glucose is not extremely high. Talk to your healthcare provider before making major changes to your diet.

Keep your healthcare team informed about other medicines

Tell your healthcare provider or pharmacist about all the medicines and supplements you take, including diuretics and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as ibuprofen or naproxen. This information can help them assess possible effects on your blood pressure, fluid balance, and kidney function.

Looking for a More Affordable Farxiga Option?

If you’re paying out of pocket for Farxiga, comparing prices for the same strength and quantity can help you understand your options. At the time of checking, DoctorSolve listed Farxiga 5 mg, 84 tablets for approximately $244 ($2.90 per tablet) and Farxiga 10 mg, 98 tablets for approximately $256 ($2.61 per tablet). Prices can change, so check the current price and applicable fees before ordering.

Related post – How to Lower Your Farxiga Costs?

Frequently Asked Questions

What organ does Farxiga affect the most?

The kidneys deserve particular attention because Farxiga works through the kidneys to increase the amount of glucose and sodium passed into your urine. Your healthcare provider may monitor your eGFR and kidney function during treatment.

You may see a small, early drop in eGFR after starting Farxiga. This does not necessarily mean the medicine is damaging your kidneys. However, significant dehydration can contribute to acute kidney problems. Following your healthcare provider’s fluid and monitoring instructions can help you use Farxiga safely.

What is the most common side effect of Farxiga?

Common side effects of Farxiga include genital yeast infections and urinary tract infections. Because Farxiga can also increase fluid loss, some people may experience dizziness, low blood pressure, or other symptoms related to dehydration.

Seek immediate medical attention if you develop possible symptoms of ketoacidosis, such as nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, unusual tiredness, or difficulty breathing, even if your blood glucose is not extremely high. Severe pain, swelling, redness, or tenderness around the genital or perineal area, especially with fever or feeling unwell, also requires urgent medical evaluation.

Is it better to take Farxiga in the morning or at night?

Farxiga is usually taken once daily, with or without food. The most important thing is to take Farxiga according to your prescription. If you want to change when you take it, ask your healthcare provider or pharmacist first.

What are the benefits of taking Farxiga?

The benefits of Farxiga depend on why your healthcare provider prescribed it. For people with type 2 diabetes, Farxiga can help lower A1C. It is also used to provide heart and kidney benefits for appropriate people with heart failure or chronic kidney disease.

Some people may also experience modest reductions in body weight and blood pressure. However, these effects are not the main reason to take Farxiga when it has been prescribed to help manage an underlying heart, kidney, or blood sugar condition.

What should you avoid while taking Farxiga?

Avoid situations that can increase your risk of dehydration or ketoacidosis. For example, do not start a ketogenic or very-low-carbohydrate diet without discussing it with your healthcare provider.

You should also tell your healthcare provider or pharmacist about all medicines you take, including diuretics and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as ibuprofen or naproxen. They can determine whether you need additional monitoring or other changes to your treatment.

Do not stop a prescribed medicine simply because you are concerned about a possible interaction. Talk to your healthcare provider first.

Why are doctors prescribing Farxiga more often?

Farxiga is being used for more than blood sugar control because research has shown that dapagliflozin can provide important heart and kidney benefits for certain people.

For appropriate patients, SGLT2 inhibitors such as dapagliflozin have been shown to reduce the risk of certain heart failure and kidney-related outcomes. This has made Farxiga an important treatment option for some people with type 2 diabetes, heart failure, or chronic kidney disease.

That does not mean Farxiga is right for everyone. Your diagnosis, kidney function, other medicines, and overall health help your healthcare provider decide whether it is appropriate for you.

 

References

1. Sjöström, C. D., Johansson, P., Ptaszynska, A., List, J., & Johnsson, E. Dapagliflozin lowers blood pressure in hypertensive and non-hypertensive patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes and Vascular Disease Research, 12, 352–358. https://doi.org/10.1177/1479164115585298
2. Drugs.com. . Farxiga patient tips. https://www.drugs.com/tips/farxiga-patient-tips
3. Blair, H. A. Dapagliflozin: A review in symptomatic heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. American Journal of Cardiovascular Drugs, 21, 701–710. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40256-021-00503-8
4. Gerich, J. E. Role of the kidney in normal glucose homeostasis and in the hyperglycaemia of diabetes mellitus: Therapeutic implications. Diabetologia, 27, 136–142. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-5491.2009.02894.x
5. Tahrani, A. A., & Barnett, A. H. Dapagliflozin: A sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor in development for type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Therapy, 1, 45–56. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13300-010-0007-3
6. Cross, A. F., Balanoff, W., Karl, M., & Schayes, B. Reducing hemoglobin A1C levels in type II diabetes: A retrospective analysis of the Renew procedure. Cureus, 15, e48039. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.48039
7. Kim, H., Lee, S.-H., Lee, H., et al. Blood glucose levels and body weight change after dapagliflozin administration. Journal of Diabetes Investigation, 12, 1594–1602. https://doi.org/10.1111/jdi.13516
8. McEwan, P., Gabb, P. D., Davis, J. A., et al. The long-term effects of dapagliflozin in chronic kidney disease: A time-to-event analysis. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation, 39, 2040–2047. https://doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gfae106
9. Baker, W. L., et al. Impact of sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors on blood pressure. Clinical and Experimental Hypertension. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5089867/
10. Colbert, G. B., Elrggal, M. E., Gaddy, A., Madariaga, H. M., & Lerma, E. V. Management of hypertension in diabetic kidney disease. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 12, 6868. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12216868
11. Kawasoe, S., Maruguchi, Y., Kajiya, S., Uenomachi, H., et al. Mechanism of the blood pressure-lowering effect of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors in obese patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetology International, 8, 123–130. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40360-017-0125-x
12. Padda, I. S., Mahtani, A. U., & Parmar, M. Sodium-glucose transport 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors. In StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK576405/
13. WebMD. (n.d.). Blood sugar highs and lows. https://www.webmd.com/diabetes/ss/slideshow-blood-sugar-high-low
14. Krepostman, N., & Kramer, H. Lower urinary tract symptoms should be queried when initiating sodium glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors. Kidney360, 2, 751–754. https://doi.org/10.34067/KID.0000472021
15. Noda, M., & Matsuda, T. Central regulation of body fluid homeostasis. Proceedings of the Japan Academy, Series B, 98, 283–324. https://doi.org/10.2183/pjab.98.016
16. Zeidel, M. L. Salt and water: Not so simple. The Journal of Clinical Investigation, 127, 1625–1626. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI94004
17. Grillo, A., Salvi, L., Coruzzi, P., Salvi, P., & Parati, G. Sodium intake and hypertension. Nutrients, 11, 1970. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11091970
18. Fonseca-Correa, J. I., & Correa-Rotter, R. Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors: mechanisms of action: A review. Frontiers in Medicine, 8, 777861. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2021.777861
19. Sugiyama, S., Jinnouchi, H., Kurinami, N., Hieshima, K., Yoshida, A., Jinnouchi, K., Nishimura, H., Suzuki, T., Miyamoto, F., Kajiwara, K., & Jinnouchi, T. Dapagliflozin reduces fat mass without affecting muscle mass in type 2 diabetes. Journal of Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis, 25, 999–1009. https://doi.org/10.5551/jat.40873
20. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors. In LiverTox: Clinical and Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver Injury. National Library of Medicine. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK548289/
21. Bell, R., & Mandalia, R. Diuretics and the kidney. BJA Education, 22, 216–223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjae.2022.02.003
22. Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health. Clinical review report: Dapagliflozin (Forxiga). NCBI Bookshelf. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538721/
23. Bonora, B. M., Vigili de Kreutzenberg, S., Avogaro, A., & Fadini, G. P. Effects of the SGLT2 inhibitor dapagliflozin on cardiac function evaluated by impedance cardiography in patients with type 2 diabetes: Secondary analysis of a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Cardiovascular Diabetology, 18, 106. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12933-019-0910-5
24. Atkins, E. R., & Perkovic, V. Blood pressure: At what level is treatment worthwhile? Australian Prescriber, 42, 127–130. https://doi.org/10.18773/austprescr.2019.038
25. Nessler, J. Dapagliflozin in the treatment of patients with heart failure with reduced left ventricular ejection fraction—A practical approach. Kardiologia Polska, 17, 135–140. https://doi.org/10.5114/aic.2021.107491
26. Butt, J. H., Docherty, K. F., Petrie, M. C., et al. Efficacy and safety of dapagliflozin in men and women with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction: A prespecified analysis of the Dapagliflozin and Prevention of Adverse Outcomes in Heart Failure trial. JAMA Cardiology, 6, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamacardio.2021.0379
27. Serenelli, M., Böhm, M., Inzucchi, S. E., Køber, L., Kosiborod, M. N., Martinez, F. A., Ponikowski, P., Sabatine, M. S., Solomon, S. D., DeMets, D. L., Bengtsson, O., Sjöstrand, M., Langkilde, A. M., Anand, I. S., Chiang, C.-E., Chopra, V. K., de Boer, R. A., Diez, M., Dukát, A., Ge, J., Howlett, J. G., Katova, T., Kitakaze, M., Ljungman, C. E. A., Verma, S., Docherty, K. F., Jhund, P. S., & McMurray, J. J. V. . Effect of dapagliflozin according to baseline systolic blood pressure in the Dapagliflozin and Prevention of Adverse Outcomes in Heart Failure trial (DAPA-HF). European Heart Journal, 41, 3402–3418. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa496
28. Minutolo, R., Borrelli, S., Ambrosini, A., et al. Efficacy and safety of dapagliflozin in patients with CKD: Real-world experience in 93 Italian renal clinics. Clinical Kidney Journal, 18, sfae396. https://doi.org/10.1093/ckj/sfae396
29. Thomas, M. C. Renal effects of dapagliflozin in patients with type 2 diabetes. Therapeutic Advances in Endocrinology and Metabolism, 5, 53–61. https://doi.org/10.1177/2042018814544153
30. Hebert, S. A., & Ibrahim, H. N. Hypertension management in patients with chronic kidney disease. Methodist DeBakey Cardiovascular Journal, 18, 41–49. https://doi.org/10.14797/mdcvj.1119
31. George, J., & MacDonald, T. Home blood pressure monitoring. European Cardiology Review, 10, 95–101. https://doi.org/10.15420/ecr.2015.10.2.95
32. Arumugham, V. B., & Shahin, M. H. Therapeutic uses of diuretic agents. In StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557838/
33. Grossman, E. Blood pressure: The lower, the better: The con side. Diabetes Care, 34(Suppl. 2), S308–S312. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc11-s245
34. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Farxiga (dapagliflozin) prescribing information. https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2024/202293s031lbl.pdf
35. Taylor, K., & Tripathi, A. K. Adult dehydration. In StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK555956/
36. Chen, R. J., Sharma, S., & Bhattacharya, P. T. Hypotension. In StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499961/
37. van Poelgeest, E., Prokopidis, K., Erdogan, T., Kwak, M. J., Piotrowicz, K., Paoletti, L., Eidam, A., Kayhan Koçak, F. Ö., Ilhan, B., Beccacece, A., Soulis, G., Özkök, S., Bahat, G., Topinková, E., Daams, J., Handoko, M. L., Goyal, P., Gąsowski, J., Cherubini, A., Veronese, N., Testa, G. D., Thompson, W., & van der Velde, N. . Effectiveness and safety of chronic diuretic use in older adults: An umbrella review of recently published systematic reviews and meta-analyses of randomized-controlled trials. European Geriatric Medicine, 16, 1353–1387. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41999-025-01229-5
38. FARXIGA—dapagliflozin tablet, film-coated [Drug label]. DailyMed. https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=72ad22ae-efe6-4cd6-a302-98aaee423d69
39. Cleveland Clinic. (n.d.). Dapagliflozin tablets. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/drugs/19382-dapagliflozin-tablets
40. Castera, M. R., & Borhade, M. B. Fluid management. In StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK532305/
41. National Center for Biotechnology Information. Fluid management. NCBI Bookshelf. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK591820/
42. National Center for Biotechnology Information. Medication adherence. NCBI Bookshelf. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279251/
43. Popkin, B. M., D’Anci, K. E., & Rosenberg, I. H. Water, hydration, and health. Nutrition Reviews, 68, 439–458. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-4887.2010.00304.x
44. Riebl, S. K., & Davy, B. M. . The hydration equation: Update on water balance and cognitive performance. ACSM’s Health & Fitness Journal, 17, 21–28. https://doi.org/10.1249/FIT.0b013e3182a9570f
45. Rose, F., Stevens, R. S., Morton, K. S., Yardley, L., & McManus, R. J. How often should self-monitoring of blood pressure be repeated? A secondary analysis of data from two randomized controlled trials. Journal of Hypertension, 43, 1863–1870. https://doi.org/10.1097/HJH.0000000000004123
46. Schutte, A. E., Kollias, A., & Stergiou, G. S. Blood pressure and its variability: Classic and novel measurement techniques. Nature Reviews Cardiology, 19, 643–654. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41569-022-00690-0
47. Koutentakis, M., Kuciński, J., Świeczkowski, D., Surma, S., Filipiak, K. J., Gąsecka, A., et al. The ketogenic effect of SGLT-2 inhibitors—Beneficial or harmful? Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease, 10, 465. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcdd10110465
48. Anderson, S. L. Dapagliflozin efficacy and safety: A perspective review. Therapeutic Advances in Endocrinology and Metabolism. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4232499/
49. Dhillon, S. . Dapagliflozin: A review in type 2 diabetes. Drugs, 79, 1135–1146. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40265-019-01148-3
50. Vallon, V., & Verma, S. Effects of SGLT2 inhibitors on kidney and cardiovascular function. Annual Review of Physiology, 83, 503–528. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-physiol-031620-095920
51. AstraZeneca’s diabetes drug first to lower fatality in all forms of heart failure. Cardiology. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10031844/
52. Canoy, D., Nazarzadeh, M., Copland, E., et al. How much lowering of blood pressure is required to prevent cardiovascular disease in patients with and without previous cardiovascular disease? Current Hypertension Reports, 24, 851–860. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11886-022-01706-4
53. Atkins, E. R., & Perkovic, V. Blood pressure: At what level is treatment worthwhile? Australian Prescriber, 42, 127–130. https://doi.org/10.18773/austprescr.2019.038
54. Gounden, V., Bhatt, H., & Jialal, I. Renal function tests. In StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507821/
55. Ghlichloo, I., & Gerriets, V. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). In StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK547742/
56. Padda, I. S., Mahtani, A. U., & Parmar, M. Sodium-glucose transport 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors. In StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK576405/
57. Bell, R., & Mandalia, R. Diuretics and the kidney. BJA Education, 22, 216–223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjae.2022.02.003
58. Thomas, M. C. Renal effects of dapagliflozin in patients with type 2 diabetes. Therapeutic Advances in Endocrinology and Metabolism, 5, 53–61. https://doi.org/10.1177/2042018814544153
59. DailyMed. . FARXIGA—dapagliflozin tablet, film-coated: Medication guide. U.S. National Library of Medicine. https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/medguide.cfm?setid=40cc4f5d-bcf6-4016-9d1e-838bbc4bdddc
60. DailyMed. . FARXIGA—dapagliflozin tablet, film-coated. U.S. National Library of Medicine. https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=ef9e9c8c-5460-4193-952a-0c249dd071bd
61. Chen, R. J., Sharma, S., & Bhattacharya, P. T. Hypotension. In StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499961/
62. Hebert, S. A., & Ibrahim, H. N. Hypertension management in patients with chronic kidney disease. Methodist DeBakey Cardiovascular Journal, 18, 41–49. https://doi.org/10.14797/mdcvj.1119
63. Impact of baseline systolic blood pressure on blood pressure changes following renal denervation. EuroIntervention, 21, e1281–e1287. https://doi.org/10.4244/EIJ-D-24-01131
64. Blood pressure and its variability: Classic and novel measurement techniques. Nature Reviews Cardiology, 19, 643–654. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41569-022-00690-0
65. Dapagliflozin: A review in type 2 diabetes. Drugs, 79, 1135–1146. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40265-019-01148-3